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	<item>
		<title>Legal Restructuring and M&#038;A Transactions During COVID-19</title>
		<link>https://alnaqeebpartners.com/legal-restructuring-and-ma-transactions-during-covid-19/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[alnaqeeb]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 17 May 2020 20:53:18 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://alnaqeebpartners.com/?p=2943</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Nations around the globe are striving to adopt the best public policy and legal measures in forms of relief and bailout packages for the respective economies, to mitigate the adverse impacts of COVID-19, which are resulting in significant operational disruption for many companies. With the engines of economy coming to a grinding halt resulting in...</p>
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<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://alnaqeebpartners.com/legal-restructuring-and-ma-transactions-during-covid-19/">Legal Restructuring and M&#038;A Transactions During COVID-19</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://alnaqeebpartners.com">Welcome to Al Naqeeb &amp; Partners</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Nations around the globe are striving to adopt the best public policy and legal measures in forms of relief and bailout packages for the respective economies, to mitigate the adverse impacts of COVID-19, which are resulting in significant operational disruption for many companies. With the engines of economy coming to a grinding halt resulting in unparalleled recession, the challenges and real possibilities of businesses may be setting up for failure are unquestionably looming large across the globe; with Kuwait and the GCC as no exception. All businesses, of which the worst effected being the SMEs are seeking to mitigate the impact of the pandemic on themselves and on their wider communities or stakeholders.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>As the deteriorating conditions of the businesses are understandable, many are closely observing the trends in corporate deals and transactions including the Mergers and Acquisitions. Henceforth, from a legal standpoint, there will be consequent changes in the M&amp;A landscape. Presently, the M&amp;A market continues to choke and sniffle because of the unpredictable future. However, the corporate houses with strong balance sheets and cash reserves are waiting for the perfect storm to exploit the vulnerability of the stressed assets in the insolvency domain, while the banks and the entities themselves are looking to salvage such assets during and after the crisis period.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>In the backdrop of M&amp;A transactions, the industry related impact assessment shall be imperative. The hospitality, tourism, and aviation sectors, where the impact on the business is direct and most severe, have become untouchable for the investors at least during the persistence of the lockdown. Other sectors such as the fast-moving consumer goods and manufacturing of essential goods are seeing a less brutal impact. Consequently, the buyers may seek to renegotiate and reconsider the valuation due to uncertain market conditions, as the valuation becomes pertinent due to the stock market performing fairly well before the occurrence of the pandemic.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>The M&amp;A deals that are at the structuring stages will most likely be deferred to a later date, either due to the discomfort in the minds of the buyer, or by the practical difficulties for the seller. The inability to travel for the decision makers, difficulty in procurement and transportation of the crucial documents, seller driven bid processes witnessing the bidders drop-out, as well as delay in due diligence being some of the most prominent factors for such deferment.  Significant delays can be expected in obtaining governmental, regulatory and third-party approvals (including from lenders and contractual counter-parties) as they are either operating with limited staff, or not operating at all.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Nonetheless, there exists the silver lining for those who seek it. The crisis throws open the opportunities to leverage the lower valuations. The primary points of negotiation for potential purchasers or investors shall be the structure of the deal or transaction, the invocation of Material Adverse Effect’/Change (MAE) clauses, detailed warranties with regard to Covid-19, regulatory approvals, Change in Law provisions, and due diligences, amongst a few. On a brighter note, closing of borders and increased localization may boost the local SMEs and sectors such as healthcare, pharma, tele-medicine or health-tech, consumer goods, IT, insurance etc. are likely to see a boom, and hence, the M&amp;A activity is sure to follow.</p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://alnaqeebpartners.com/legal-restructuring-and-ma-transactions-during-covid-19/">Legal Restructuring and M&#038;A Transactions During COVID-19</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://alnaqeebpartners.com">Welcome to Al Naqeeb &amp; Partners</a>.</p>
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		<title>حجية إثبات التوقيع الإلكتروني المحمي</title>
		<link>https://alnaqeebpartners.com/%d8%ad%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a5%d8%ab%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d9%8a/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[alnaqeeb]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 17 May 2020 18:53:49 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://alnaqeebpartners.com/?p=2940</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>تتميز المعاملات الإلكترونية بأنها لا تلجأ إلى الوثائق الورقية وإنما تعتمد على الرسائل الإلكترونية ، ولما كانت دولة الكويت تتهيأ لتكون مركزاً مالياً عالمياً، لذلك لا بد من التصدي للأثر القانوني للتوقيع الإلكتروني من حيث صحته وإمكان العمل به، حيث يكون للتوقيع الإلكتروني المحمي في نطاق المعاملات المدنية والتجارية والإدارية ذات الحجية المقررة للتوقيع الكتابي...</p>
<div class=" [&#8230;]"><a href="https://alnaqeebpartners.com/%d8%ad%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a5%d8%ab%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d9%8a/">Read More</a></div>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://alnaqeebpartners.com/%d8%ad%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a5%d8%ab%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d9%8a/">حجية إثبات التوقيع الإلكتروني المحمي</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://alnaqeebpartners.com">Welcome to Al Naqeeb &amp; Partners</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>تتميز المعاملات الإلكترونية بأنها لا تلجأ إلى الوثائق الورقية وإنما تعتمد على الرسائل الإلكترونية ، ولما كانت دولة الكويت تتهيأ لتكون مركزاً مالياً عالمياً، لذلك لا بد من التصدي للأثر القانوني للتوقيع الإلكتروني من حيث صحته وإمكان العمل به، حيث يكون للتوقيع الإلكتروني المحمي في نطاق المعاملات المدنية والتجارية والإدارية ذات الحجية المقررة للتوقيع الكتابي متى روعي في إنشائه وإتمامه الضوابط الفنية المنصوص عليها في قانون المعاملات الإلكترونية الكويتي. <strong>رقم 20 لسنة 2014</strong></p>
<p><strong>مفهوم</strong> <strong>التوقيع</strong> <strong>الإلكتروني</strong></p>
<p>البيانات التي تتخذ شكل حروف أو أرقام أو رموز أو إشارات أو غيرها وتوضع بشكل إلكتروني أو رقمي أو ضوئي أو أي وسيلة أخرى على محرر إلكتروني، ويكون لها طابع يسمح بتحديد هوية الشخص الموقع ويميزه عن غيره.</p>
<p><strong>حجية</strong> <strong>إثبات</strong> <strong>التوقيع</strong> <strong>الإلكتروني</strong> <strong>المحمي</strong> <strong>في</strong> <strong>قانون</strong> <strong>المعاملات</strong> <strong>الإلكترونية</strong> <strong>الكويتي</strong></p>
<p>نظمت اللائحة التنفيذية لقانون المعاملات الإلكترونية الكويتي التي صدرت فس سنة 2015 شروط حجية إثبات التوقيع الإلكتروني المحمي على النحو التالي:</p>
<p><strong>أولاً</strong><strong>: </strong><strong>الضوابط</strong> <strong>الفنية</strong> <strong>للتوقيع</strong> <strong>الإلكتروني</strong> <strong>المحمي</strong></p>
<p>1- أن يكون التوقيع مرتبطاً بشهادة تصديق إلكتروني صادرة من مزود خدمات تصديق مرخص له ويجب أن يتوافر في التوقيع الإلكتروني المحمي كحد أدنى العناصر الفنية التالية:</p>
<ul>
<li>أ- جهة إصدار شهادة التصديق الإلكتروني، بحيث تحتوي الشهادة على جميع المعلومات الدالة على مزود خدمات التصديق، وتوقيعها الإلكتروني حسب المعيار المعني</li>
<li>ب- نوع التوقيع، ورقمه التسلسلي، ونطاق عمله</li>
<li>ج- تاريخ التوقيع وفقاً لمفهوم ختم الوقت، وفترة سريانه</li>
<li>د- نوع خوارزمية التشفير المستخدم بالمفتاح العام وفقاً لسياسة الشهادة الإلكترونية وإجراءات التصديق الإلكتروني بمزود خدمات التصديق</li>
<li>هـ- نطاق إستخدام التوقيع وحدود مسؤوليته النظامية، وكذلك شروط حماية سرية المعلومات وبيانات هوية الموقع، والتي تشمل إسمه وعنوانه كاملاً</li>
</ul>
<p>2- أن تكون شهادة التصديق المرتبطة بالتوقيع سارية المفعول وقت إجراء التوقيع.</p>
<p>3- الحفاظ على سلامة بيانات هوية الموقع، وتوافقها مع شهادة التصديق الإلكتروني.</p>
<p>4- إذا تم التوقيع بالإشتراك مع منظومة بيانات إلكترونية لدى الموقع، فيشترط سلامة الإرتباط المنطقي والفني بين منظومة التوقيع الإلكتروني، ومنظومة البيانات الإلكترونية، وخلوهما من العيوب الفنية التي تؤثر في صحة إنعقاد التوقيع وإرساله.</p>
<p>5- توافر الحد الأدنى من البنية الفنية والإدارية، والموارد ذات الصلة التي تتحقق بهما السيطرة على إجراءات التوقيع، وضمان سرية البيانات حسب الشروط الفنية الواردة في إجراءات التصديق الإلكتروني الخاصة بمزود خدمات التصديق.</p>
<p>6- إلتزام الموقع بجميع الشروط الواردة في إجراءات التصديق الإلكتروني الخاصة بمزود خدمات التصديق فيما يتعلق بإجراء التوقيع الإلكتروني، وبما لا يتعارض مع الأنظمة واللوائح الصادرة من الجهة المختصة.</p>
<p><strong>ثانياً</strong><strong>: </strong><strong>الإحتياطات</strong> <strong>اللازمة</strong> <strong>لتلافي</strong> <strong>الإستعمال</strong> <strong>غير</strong> <strong>المشروع</strong> <strong>للتوقيع</strong> <strong>الإلكتروني</strong> <strong>المحمي</strong></p>
<p>في حالة إجراء توقيع إلكتروني يجب إتخاذ الإحتياطات اللازمة لتلافي أي إستعمال غير مشروع لبيانات إنشاء التوقيع وللمعدات الشخصية المتعلقة بتوقيعه، كما يجب أن تشمل تلك الإحتياطات ما يلي:</p>
<ol>
<li>الحفاظ على شهادة التصديق الإلكتروني ووثائق التوقيع الإلكتروني الصادرة من مزود خدمات التصديق التي لها طابع السرية، وعدم تمكين غير المصرح لهم بالإطلاع عليها.</li>
<li>تطبيق حلول وتقنيات مناسبة وآمنة وغير قابلة للعبث، وفق أحكام مزاولة خدمات التصديق الإلكتروني التي تصدرها الجهة المختصة.</li>
<li>يجوز للموقع الإستعانة بجهات فنية متخصصة للمراجعة والتدقيق بما يدعم جودة عملية التوقيع وسريته، مع عدم الإخلال بأي ضوابط، أو شروط نظامية، أو تعاقدية بين أطراف التعامل.</li>
<li>يجب على صاحب التوقيع الإلكتروني إبلاغ مزود خدمات التصديق فور علمه بوجود إستعمال غير مشروع لتوقيعه، على أن يتم توثيق البيانات المتعلقة بالإستعمال غير المشروع.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>ثالثاً</strong><strong>: </strong><strong>إجراءات</strong> <strong>التحقق</strong> <strong>من</strong> <strong>التوقيع</strong> <strong>الإلكتروني</strong> <strong>المحمي</strong></p>
<p>يجب على من يعتمد على التوقيع الإلكتروني لطرف آخر أن يبذل العناية اللازمة للتحقق من صحة التوقيع، وذلك بإستخدام بيانات التحقق من التوقيع الإلكتروني، وفق الإجراءات التالية:</p>
<ol>
<li>التأكد من منشأ شهادة مرسل الرسالة، وأنها صادرة من مزود خدمات تصديق مرخص له وفق أحكام هذه اللائحة، والتحقق من صلاحيتها، وأنها سارية.</li>
<li>التأكد من أن البيانات المرفقة مع التوقيع الإلكتروني مطابقة لبيانات صاحب التوقيع من واقع الشهادة الصادرة له.</li>
<li>عدم ظهور رسائل تنبيه أو تحذير تفيد عدم المطابقة الآلية للتوقيع أو أي خلل آخر ذي صلة بالمنشأ أو المحتوى، وذلك ضمن الرسالة والتوقيع الواردين.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>الشروط</strong> <strong>الواجب</strong> <strong>توافرها</strong> <strong>لإعتبار</strong> <strong>التوقيع</strong> <strong>الإلكتروني</strong> <strong>محمياً</strong> <strong>ومعتمداً</strong></p>
<p><strong>يعتبر</strong> <strong>التوقيع</strong> <strong>الإلكتروني</strong> <strong>محمياً</strong> <strong>ومعتمداً</strong> <strong>إذا</strong> <strong>تحقق</strong> <strong>ما</strong> <strong>يلي</strong><strong>:</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>إذا كانت أداة إنشاء التوقيع المستخدمة مقصورة على الموقع دون غيره</li>
<li>إذا كانت أداة إنشاء التوقيع وقت التوقيع تحت سيطرة الموقع دون غيره</li>
<li>إذا كان ممكناً كشف أي تغيير للتوقيع الإلكتروني يحدث بعد وقت التوقيع</li>
<li>إذا كان ممكناً كشف أي تغيير في المعلومات المرتبطة بالتوقيع يحدث بعد وقت التوقيع</li>
<li>إذا كان لا يمكن نسخه من الدعامة الإلكترونية التي أنشئ بها</li>
</ol>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>تراخيص</strong> <strong>مزاولة</strong> <strong>نشاط</strong> <strong>التصديق</strong> <strong>الإلكتروني</strong> <strong>والتوقيع</strong> <strong>الإلكتروني</strong></p>
<p>مزود خدمات التصديق الإلكتروني هو الشخص الطبيعي أو المعنوي المعتمد والمرخص له بإصدار شهادات تصديق إلكترونية أو أية خدمات أو مهمات متعلقة بها وبالتوقيعات الإلكترونية، وهذه الشهادات هي التي تصادق على إثبات نسبة التوقيع الإلكتروني إلى شخص معين وتثبت الإرتباط بين الموقع وبين بيانات إنشاء التوقيع إستناداً إلى إجراءات توثيق معتمدة.</p>
<p><strong>شروط</strong> <strong>الحصول</strong> <strong>على</strong> <strong>ترخيص</strong> <strong>نشاط</strong> <strong>التصديق</strong> <strong>الإلكتروني</strong> <strong>والتوقيع</strong> <strong>الإلكتروني</strong></p>
<p>يتم تقديم طلب الترخيص إلى الجهة المختصة بإصدار وتجديد التراخيص اللازمة لمزاولة أنشطة خدمات التصديق الإلكتروني والتوقيع الإلكتروني، ويجب توافر عدة شروط في مقدم طلب الترخيص أو التجديد لمزاولة أنشطة خدمات التصديق الإلكتروني والتوقيع الإلكتروني وهي:</p>
<p>أولاً: منظومة بيانات إلكترونية ومنظومة لشهادات التصديق الإلكتروني ولتوقيعات إلكترونية متكاملة لا تقل عن المستوى الأمني للمعايير المحددة من الجهة المختصة، حسبما يرد في إجراءات التصديق الإلكتروني والتوقيع الإلكتروني، وفقاً للضوابط التالية:</p>
<ol>
<li>عدم قابلية المفاتيح الخاصة أو البيانات المكونة للتوقيع الإلكتروني للإستنتاج أو الإستنباط، وتحدد الجهة المختصة المعايير اللازمة لذلك.</li>
<li>الحفاظ على سرية البيانات وحمايتها من التلف أو التزوير أو الإختراق، وفق المستوى الأمني المحدد من قبل الجهة المختصة.</li>
</ol>
<p>ثانياً: بنية تحتية فنية وموارد إدارية على درجة عالية من الكفاءة وبمستوى لا يقل عن المعايير المعتمدة من الجهة المختصة، لتشغيل وإدارة جميع عمليات التصديق الإلكتروني والتوقيع الإلكتروني التي من أهمها:</p>
<ol>
<li>إصدار شهادات التصديق الإلكتروني، وما يتبع ذلك من تجديد للشهادات ووفقها وإلغائها وإعادتها.</li>
<li>إدارة عمليات التشفير وما يتبعها من حفظ للمفتاح الخاص بمزود خدمات التصديق، وكذلك للمفاتيح العامة.</li>
<li>إستخدام أفضل الأنظمة والمعايير العالمية في أمن المعلومات، وفقاً للضوابط التي تحددها الجهة المختصة.</li>
</ol>
<p>ثالثاً: إتاحة البيانات الخاصة بالتحقيق من صحة الشهادات والتوقيعات الإلكترونية لجميع أطراف التعامل الإلكتروني، مع ضمان ربطها مباشرة بقوائم الشهادات الموقوفة والملغاة.</p>
<p>رابعاً: تأسيس جميع الموارد الإلكترونية وتشغيلها وإدارتها وفق آلية تضمن عمليات الحفظ والأرشفة، وكذلك النقل إلى منظومات وقواعد بيانات أخرى، مع توفير البدائل والخطط التي بموجبها يتم ضمان إستمرار الخدمة.</p>
<p>خامساً: إصدار شهادة فنية من مدير جذر التصديق بالموافقة على الربط مع جذر التصديق ونص الشروط والضوابط التي يحددها مدير جذر التصديق والمعتمدة من الجهة المختصة.</p>
<p><strong>إلتزامات</strong> <strong>مزود</strong> <strong>خدمات</strong> <strong>التصديق</strong> <strong>الإلكتروني</strong> <strong>للحصول</strong> <strong>على</strong> <strong>الترخيص</strong></p>
<p><strong>إعداد</strong> <strong>العقود</strong> <strong>وتحديد</strong> <strong>مقابل</strong> <strong>الخدمات</strong></p>
<p>على مزود خدمات التصديق الإلتزام بإعداد العقود والإجراءات التفصيلية وكذلك مقابل الخدمات التي يؤديها، وإعتمادها من قبل الجهة المختصة بإصدار التراخيص اللازمة لمزاولة خدمات التصديق الإلكتروني والتوقيع الإلكتروني بما يحفظ حقوق جميع الأطراف ذات العلاقة.</p>
<p><strong>إعداد</strong> <strong>خطة</strong> <strong>إنهاء</strong> <strong>النشاط</strong></p>
<p>يلتزم مزود خدمات التصديق أيضاً بتقديم خطة إنهاء النشاط التي تتضمن تفاصيل الإجراءات الواجب إتباعها عندما يتوقف عن ممارسة نشاطه بناءاً على طلبه، أو في الحالات التي يتم إيقافه فيها أو إلغاء ترخيصه أو عدم تجديده للترخيص، وذلك بما يضمن حقوق جميع الأطراف ذوي الصلة.</p>
<p><strong>تقديم</strong> <strong>الضمانات</strong> <strong>والتأمينات</strong></p>
<p>يقدم طالب الترخيص بمزاولة أنشطة التصديق الإلكتروني والتوقيع الإلكتروني الضمانات والتأمينات التي تحددها الجهة المختصة بإصدار التراخيص اللازمة لمزاولة خدمات التصديق الإلكتروني والتوقيع الإلكتروني، وذلك لتغطية الأضرار أو الأخطار التي تتعلق بذوي الشأن في حالة إنهاء الترخيص أو إلغائه أو وقفه لأي سبب، أو لتغطية أي إخلال أو قصور يقع من جانبه في الإلتزامات الواردة في الترخيص.</p>
<p><strong>مسئولية</strong> <strong>مزود</strong> <strong>خدمات</strong> <strong>التصديق</strong></p>
<p>يٌسأل مزود خدمات التصديق عن جميع الخدمات والموارد الإدارية والفنية التي تكون تابعة له سواء بشكل مباشر أو غير مباشر أمام عملائه المستفيدين.</p>
<p><strong>الشروط</strong> <strong>الواجب</strong> <strong>توافرها</strong> <strong>في</strong> <strong>طلب</strong> <strong>وقف</strong> <strong>النشاط</strong> <strong>أو</strong> <strong>التنازل</strong> <strong>عن</strong> <strong>الترخيص</strong> <strong>أو</strong> <strong>الإندماج</strong></p>
<p>يجب للموافقة على طلب وقف النشاط أو التنازل عن الترخيص أو الإندماج أن تتوافر الشروط التالية:</p>
<ol>
<li>أن يستمر مزود خدمات التصديق في تقديم خدماته للمستفيدين، ولا يجوز لأي سبب التوقف عن تقديمها إلى حين إستيفاء الشروط التي تضعها الجهة المختصة والحصول على موافقتها، وذلك لضمان حقوق الأطراف ذات الصلة.</li>
<li>عدم تنازل مزود خدمات التصديق أو الإندماج مع أي طرف آخر إلا بعد موافقة الجهة المختصة وتقديم دراسة شاملة، موضحاً بها المسوغات والأهداف وأثر ذلك على الخدمات والمستفيدين.</li>
</ol>
<p>وللجهة المختصة بناءً على ما تقتضيه الأنظمة ومصلحة المستفيدين قبول الطلب أو رفضه أو تعديله.</p>
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		<title>Is the COVID-19 Crisis Creating Space for Technology in the Aid of Lawyers and Judiciary?</title>
		<link>https://alnaqeebpartners.com/is-the-covid-19-crisis-creating-space-for-technology-in-the-aid-of-lawyers-and-judiciary/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[alnaqeeb]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 04 May 2020 18:05:40 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://alnaqeebpartners.com/?p=2914</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>The functioning of courts and thereby the services of lawyers have been severely affected in the world as social distancing has become the new normal in the fight against the COVID-19 Pandemic. While the world continues to struggle in order to find a possible way out of this crisis, the legal fraternity is brainstorming about...</p>
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]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The functioning of courts and thereby the services of lawyers have been severely affected in the world as social distancing has become the new normal in the fight against the COVID-19 Pandemic. While the world continues to struggle in order to find a possible way out of this crisis, the legal fraternity is brainstorming about the adaptability in this new world order.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Irrespective of the gravity of a crisis, the brethren of the learned profession of law have always batted for keeping the justice delivery mechanism alive and well. In view of the suspension of an independent and fundamental wing of the State i.e., the judiciary, many seem to have accepted the reality and imposed their faith in the complete executive rule that has taken control. However, many are under great discomfort to entrust the total state of affairs in the executive control without the functioning of the institution whose job is to maintain the checks and balances in the exercise of power by the executive, thereby ensuring that the doors to the temples of justice are not shut for the common man.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>It cannot be more stressed upon that it is imperative for nations to keep the wheels of justice rolling and uphold the rule of law. Legal disputes and conflicts are undeniably a part of daily life, and if they remain unsettled for a long time, they are bound to transpire into violence; which in turn is antithesis to the civilized world. Henceforth, to create a world of harmony where justice is made available to all, without jeopardizing the efforts of the front-line warriors in healthcare, as well as all the efforts and precautionary measures the world is taking, technology seems to provide a viable answer.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>In retrospect, the adaptability of technology into the judiciary has always been met with some resistance because of the largely conventional outlook and attitude of the pupils in the justice delivery system comprising lawyers and judges. Yet, desperate times call for desperate measures. It is particularly difficult for lawyers because the nature of their profession is labour intensive. There is little doubting that Nassim Nicholas Taleb aptly argues in his highly acclaimed book, The Black Swan, that lawyers need to perform every day to get paid and truly succeed, unlike other professionals like authors, filmmakers etc.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>It is not just the lawyers that need to adopt and resort to technology for their profession, rather there needs to be a two-pronged approach for a fully functional justice delivery system in these difficult times. Courts are the other side of the coin called justice delivery. For the reasons as aforementioned, judicial institutions must swiftly move towards online justice delivery mechanisms. From countries such as the UAE and India, the judiciary is adopting the online mode of conducting hearings and trials which is proving to be successful. While these hearings are mostly personal in nature, wherein only the judges hearing the matters and lawyers representing the parties are present, common law principles like open and transparent hearing for the public may be compromised. Countries such as the US, UK and the EU are already broadcasting and live streaming the cases of national importance. Also bearing in mind the avalanche of suits and litigation, and the possibility of overcrowding hovering over the courts once they open, countries like China are encouraging the use of Alternate Dispute Resolution as an effective method to tackle flooding of litigation before the courts due to the unprecedented shutdown.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Besides digitization, discussions in the academic circles are abuzz that during times where social distancing is the norm and the legal systems are already welcoming technology in their functioning; the machine-driven future, wherein the capabilities of the overburdened judiciary are enhanced, may arrive sooner than expected. Digitization is only the first step in the path towards Artificial Intelligence and the further advancement of technology. It needs to be taken into account that the stakeholders of the legal industry have so far been apprehensive towards the use of technology as well, as the possible progress of this may lead to technological machinery may eventually replace some jobs. However, once the records of courts become completely digitized, Artificial Intelligence may only assist the lawyers and judges in better research and understanding of legal positions, due to the nature of the profession requiring human interaction, where rationale and emotions interplay.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Utilizing Artificial Intelligence or complex algorithms, especially in American courts in the form of Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions (COMPAS) to sentence the criminals is already under criticism because of its inherent shortcomings in predicting human behaviour on the basis of past judgments. It would therefore be safe to state that, machines and Artificial Intelligence would not be able to replace the legal professionals and judges in totality, due to the obvious intrinsic dependency and interconnection between law and society. It may however, assist with finding the binding judicial precedents, clarifying the precise position of law on various issues, apart from condensing the voluminous records of facts and evidentiary statements, and summarizing case history.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Thus, the use of Artificial Intelligence must not intend or attempt to replace human judgement, but simply serve as a tool in order to aid judges to obtain relevant and precise information from large amounts of data spread over voluminous records, while absent of any bias or recommendations. For law to constantly evolve and to remain dynamic, the societal temper and contemporary social standards need to be understood, which can only be done by a trained judicial mind. It is undoubtedly the humane perspective that is absent in machines, which can meaningfully give effect to the legal principle that, ‘justice must not only be done, it should also be manifestly and undoubtedly seen to be done.’</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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		<title>Business Interruption Insurance In light of the COVID-19 Pandemic</title>
		<link>https://alnaqeebpartners.com/business-interruption-insurance-in-light-of-the-covid-19-pandemic/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[alnaqeeb]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 24 Apr 2020 11:04:23 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://alnaqeebpartners.com/?p=2911</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Due to the global spread of the pandemic of COVID-19, social distancing, stay-at-home orders, quarantines and lockdowns of entire economies are a part of daily life. As the economic and social activities of Kuwait and nations around the world have come to a grinding halt, many businesses have either already shut their operations or are...</p>
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]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Due to the global spread of the pandemic of COVID-19, social distancing, stay-at-home orders, quarantines and lockdowns of entire economies are a part of daily life. As the economic and social activities of Kuwait and nations around the world have come to a grinding halt, many businesses have either already shut their operations or are at the verge of it, and the worst is yet to come. It is unlikely that any big and small businesses alike will come out of this pandemic that has wrecked havoc, unscathed; therefore many are referring to their insurance policies to understand the extent of the risk coverage in their respective policies.</p>
<p>In this reasonably predictable world, the insurers offer policies to cover the losses of the insured for the causes that are relatively predictable, to a limited audience, as it is a hedge against the losses. But when claims fly off the actuarial charts, i.e. when hundreds of billions of dollars in claims from the majority of holders of insurance could potentially impact the entire industry, insurers get defensive, claims are denied, and legal battles begin. Today, insurers are faced with a slew of business interruption and other claims relating to COVID-19 shutdowns, social distancing, and government orders, particularly from hospitality, manufacturing businesses, retail shops etc. which have been most affected by the crisis.</p>
<p>Many insurance policies and endorsements cover losses due to &#8220;business interruption&#8221;. Res ispa loquitor, or as the fact speaks for itself, COVID-19 has enormously affected businesses in Kuwait and almost every nation on the planet. However, the real question is whether or not, the pandemic of COVID-19 shall be regarded as a business interruption, thereby entitling the insured for the claim. Business interruption insurance, also known as business income insurance, is commercial property insurance designed to cover loss of income incurred by an organization or business entity due to a slowdown or suspension of its operations at its premises, typically under circumstances where &#8220;physical damage&#8221; to the property is caused.</p>
<p>Therefore, the real question is whether or not insurers regard coronavirus to be “physical damage&#8221;, since the business interruption needs to be tied to a direct physical loss or damage to property, which requires a tangible change in physical property and the same is not a cakewalk. But some creative and persuasive arguments the lawyers of the insured may likely advance that such damage has occurred, for instance, via some forensic tests illustrating that there is physical viral contamination to premises. Hence, in the cases of ambiguous and widely-worded policies, it is onerous to successfully persuade the insurers to cover the losses. Insurers seem to have learned from the past lessons of previous outbreaks like SARS.</p>
<p>Some policies expressly exclude the pandemics and virus-borne losses from its ambit of business interruptions (even if they are &#8220;All Risk&#8221; policies), whereas others either expressly include such pandemics or they may be specifically purchased to cover such pandemics. Thus, it is advisable that the language of the policy must be closely examined and analysed. In pursuance of this exercise, the certified copy of entire policy that contains exhaustive provisions, must be obtained from the insurer. It is barely surprising that scores of insurers have denied the claim requests and have sought to absolve themselves of any liability finding resort in the ambiguous language of the policy. Nevertheless, it is just the beginning of the war.</p>
<p>&#8211; Attorney Faten Alnaqeeb</p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://alnaqeebpartners.com/business-interruption-insurance-in-light-of-the-covid-19-pandemic/">Business Interruption Insurance In light of the COVID-19 Pandemic</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://alnaqeebpartners.com">Welcome to Al Naqeeb &amp; Partners</a>.</p>
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		<title>Force Majeure Events Under the Kuwaiti Law</title>
		<link>https://alnaqeebpartners.com/force-majeure-events-under-the-kuwaiti-law/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[alnaqeeb]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 20 Apr 2020 18:24:16 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://alnaqeebpartners.com/?p=2907</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Since the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic, the world is experiencing severe crises due to the high toll of both human and economic losses. The state of Kuwait, similar to all countries around the world, commissioned many extreme precautionary measures under the Council of Ministers various resolutions since early March, among those measures are the...</p>
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]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Since the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic, the world is experiencing severe crises due to the high toll of both human and economic losses. The state of Kuwait, similar to all countries around the world, commissioned many extreme precautionary measures under the Council of Ministers various resolutions since early March, among those measures are the temporary   cessation of work in both the public and private sectors, the lockdown and etc. I have received many queries about the issue of commitments to the obligations arising from all sorts of contracts and agreements entered into, which were concluded before the Covid-19 crisis began, in view of the measures carried out by Kuwait and other countries. I was asked about the legal consequences as well as how to deal with such inability to comply with the obligations arising from those contracts and agreements.</p>
<p>Generally speaking, Kuwaiti laws issued for specific aspects do not directly address these exceptional situations, the occurrence of the crises or unusual circumstances, for example the Rent law, the labour law and etc. Hence, it is known for the law practitioners to refer to the &#8220;Civil Law code&#8221;, in absence of an article dealing with a specific matter. The civil law is the first reference or the so-called <em>&#8220;general law for all laws”</em> to determine the appropriate interpretation and application of the rule of law on certain matters. The Kuwaiti civil law regulated the occurrence of the unusual circumstances and the legal stances resulting from such unusual situations under article 198. The law discussed under this article the so-called theory of “Emergency circumstances” stating that if after the contract is entered into, and before its full implementation, general exceptional circumstances occurred which cannot be anticipated, the judge may return or decrease the obligation of the parties to a reasonable extent. Also article 293 of the Civil Code states that, If the obligations cannot be executed in kind, or delayed, the debtor must compensate for the damages suffered by the creditor as a result, unless the debtor proves that the failure or delay was due to a foreign reason that has no hand in it or was beyond his control. Accordingly, it is concluded from the texts of two articles that the exceptional circumstances which are currently witnessed may have the obligations under the contracts or agreements, depending on their type and nature, either fall under the rules of the theory of emergency circumstances (regulated under article 198) or under the rules of the theory of the force majeure “<em>circumstances beyond ones control</em>” (regulated under article 293). To clarify further and for the purpose of example only; the obligations arising from export &amp; import contracts , or goods purchasing contracts from some countries and the inability to deliver such goods due to import or export bans regulations during these crises means that these force majeure events (importing &amp; exporting banning resolutions issued in a country) may lead to the termination of the obligations arising from that contract. Basically, if the buyer does not pay the price ordered for the goods, then the seller is not obliged to deliver the goods. In essence, based on article 293 of the Kuwaiti Civil Code, the buyer in the above example cannot claim compensation for non-execution by the seller or delay in delivery, because those circumstances that prevented from adhering to the obligations are considered a force majeure event (resulting from a foreign reason beyond his control), whereas when looking at the emergency circumstances described under article 198, this rule deals with the obligations that have become cumbersome but not</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>impossible for the parties to carry out. In other words, the article refers to circumstances involving partial impossibility, which impends one of the parties to suffer a hefty or serious loss. In this case, the law left the consideration of assessing the emergency circumstances and impact of such circumstances on a party’s obligation in a contract to the court’s discretion. Thereby the court will look into to the principle of balancing the interests between the parties in a contract to ease or decrease the burdensome obligation to a reasonable extent. This leads me to conclude that the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic may lead us to witness many claims and lawsuits grounded on the fundamentals of the two articles of the Civil Law for various types of contracts and agreements.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://alnaqeebpartners.com/force-majeure-events-under-the-kuwaiti-law/">Force Majeure Events Under the Kuwaiti Law</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://alnaqeebpartners.com">Welcome to Al Naqeeb &amp; Partners</a>.</p>
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		<title>Will COVID-19 Pandemic Open a Pandora&#8217;s Box Of Longstanding International Lawsuits?</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[alnaqeeb]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 20 Apr 2020 18:21:33 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://alnaqeebpartners.com/?p=2909</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>The COVID-19 pandemic has been rightly agitating the minds of people around the world, resulting in many attempts to attach the legal liability of its spread and havoc on the Chinese. These legal actions around the world are both in the form of civil and criminal in nature. This is certainly going to open a...</p>
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]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The COVID-19 pandemic has been rightly agitating the minds of people around the world, resulting in many attempts to attach the legal liability of its spread and havoc on the Chinese. These legal actions around the world are both in the form of civil and criminal in nature. This is certainly going to open a Pandora&#8217;s Box of longstanding international legal issues.</p>
<p>Undoubtedly, the first task in such litigations would be to overcome/satisfy the fundamental legal maxim of Damnum Sine Injuria (Injury without violation of a legal right), i.e. even if the injury caused is apparent, violation of legal right of the complaining party must be established. While the world points fingers towards China as the country where the first Coronavirus case was detected, China seems to shift the blame on the US, while feeding the reports of &#8216;ground zero&#8217; patient being from Italy. Hence, it would be onerous to demonstrate the legal obligation of China to stop the spread of Coronavirus. Moreover, allegations of conspiracy and biological warfare attach far greater burden of proof on the accuser, that is to prove the mala fide beyond any reasonable doubt. China may further argue that it discharged its reasonable obligation when it informed about the pandemic through WHO on 31.12.2019, besides the possibility of it not originating in China itself.</p>
<p>Secondly, determination of the appropriate adjudicating authority is another legal challenge. The defense of sovereign immunity would obviously be claimed by China, however, interesting arguments against this defense can be advanced when the complaint is founded on human rights violations. The law suits in the US have cited the exceptions under Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act to press charges against China, but many experts have argued that such pleadings by the complainants before the domestic courts of the US are misplaced, even going by the text of said legislation of the US. Additionally, to sue the foreign states for their domestic policies could amount to judicial overreach. Fundamentally, it needs to be understood that in international law, there is no compulsory jurisdiction with International Court of Justice or any other judicial forum, as such jurisdictions are subject to agreement or acceptance under some treaty etc., and there is no such acceptance by China.</p>
<p>Thirdly, even if some adjudication forum assumes and exercises jurisdiction in such suits or prosecutions against China, thereby finding it guilty of the charges or declares it as a tortfeasor, the execution of such orders may be a Herculean task, as China may outrightly reject the legitimacy of such an adjudication itself. How probable is for US or any other country to impose sanctions under its domestic laws? Given the fact that such pandemics</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>may occur in any country, the mere spread of it without the unquestionable criminal culpability of the Chinese, US and other states would be wary of pressuring China to compensate for the disease, as such a precedent may boomerang at them in the future. Imposition of sanctions through Security Council shall fall flat for obvious reason of China exercising its veto. Ultimately, it may only give rise to another bilateral trade war between China and the US.</p>
<p><strong><em>Written by: Attorney Faten Al Naqeeb</em></strong></p>
<p><strong><em>12/04/2020</em></strong></p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://alnaqeebpartners.com/will-covid-19-pandemic-open-a-pandoras-box-of-longstanding-international-lawsuits/">Will COVID-19 Pandemic Open a Pandora&#8217;s Box Of Longstanding International Lawsuits?</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://alnaqeebpartners.com">Welcome to Al Naqeeb &amp; Partners</a>.</p>
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